The area has been occupied from prehistoric periodAs shown by the rock paintings located in the area's coats, with more than five thousand years old and declared a World Heritage Site in 1998.

In time of the Iberiansin the term of St. Helena was one of the most important centres of worship: Shrine of the Collado de los Jardineswhere many Iberian exvotes and the remains of what could have been a village have been located, not only in Iberian times but also in Roman and medieval times. The sanctuary also known as Cave of the Dolls has been used by the Romans for religious worship.

In the Age of Mediathe most important event is the Battle of the Navas de Tolosain 1212. The town is very close to it, in the vicinity is the Museum of the Battle de las Navas de Tolosa. The Almohade army was defeated and King Alfonso VIII of Castilla, ordered to build in the place a hermitage to guard the Cross to which they attributed the miracle of victory and a window-castle, to commemorate the triumph over the Almohades and that currently It is part of the Route of the Castles and the Battle.

In this same place in the 18th century, one of the New populations of Sierra Morena, project driven by the King Charles III. One of these populations is St. Helena. With the settlers, farmers from Centroeuropa (French, German and Flemish), efforts were made to establish a population and generate wealth in the depopulated areas of Sierra Morena while ensuring the passage of Despeñacolos.

In 1793, the population was in a ruinous state and it was King Charles IV who ordered it to demolish and build a new colonial type..

Given his strategic position as a place of passage between Levante and La Mancha with the Guadalquivir valley, Montizon has been a place transited from Prehistory.

From the antiquity of the first inhabitants bear witness to the found remains: arrows with a pedernal tip, axes and carved stones, collected in the place called Torre-Albert, and ceramic in Head Girl.

From the Roman times, with the drive to the road infrastructure has increased its prestige as an enclave in the communications network: remains of Roman tracks, near Aldeahermosa was found a military, which indicated the distance from this place to Contrebia in the Ebro valley, and which has been identified as "Hannibal Road." During this time it was under the dependence of Ilugo (Santisteban del Puerto).

In Islamic times Should have to be a grinder that would be conquered with the rest of the region by Fernando III the Holy in 1226.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, the house would be abandoned, becoming a dehesa dependent on Santisteban del Puerto.

It will be in the 18th century, in 1767when this dehesa known as "Barranco Hondo," was chosen by Pablo de Olavide, Intendent of King Charles III, to find one of the nuclei of the New Populations They were aimed at defending the road to Andalusia with La Mancha, where the bandits raided the donkey caravans that carried the goods from one region to another.

The First settlers who populated Montizon were Central European:: Germans, Flemish, Swiss, French, Alsatians and Italians. To those who were given the tools of labrance, a house, a junta, several flocks of mountain to sow and repopulate olive trees.

Montizon would be head of felligresy with two villages, Aldeahermosa and Sale of Saints.

In the 18th century, the enlightened king Carlos III and its ministers (Aranda, Jovellanos and Campomans) decide to create the New Populations in Sierra Morena. At the head of the repopulation he put the Superintendent Pedro Olavidewho would be responsible for the settlement of settlers from France, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

In 1767, the The strength of the New Populationsestablishing the regulations and rules governing these new settlements, different from those of the rest of the country. This year, and near La Peñuela, a former Carmelite convent, La Carolina is founded, which would be the capital of all the new settlements in Sierra Morena.

The beautiful city of La Carolina is the best example of the city of Enlightenment. It is known as the City Jewel of the Holy Kingdom. This was designed as a Roman camp; that is, following two axes that are crossed, one from N to S, which is called cardo and another called decumano, from E to O that in the City Hall square is where they are, indicating this crossing the city center, according to the design of Simon Desnaux, supervised by Olavide. The avenues of Las Huertas and Juan Carlos I are the main lines for the division of the land. The result of its urbanization is an orthogonal mesh that divides it into squares, with streets and straight and wide avenues.

In the mid-19th century, La Carolina began the exploitation of its rich Argentine lead filons. Previous mining work already existed, but it will now be when a large-scale exploitation begins that will lead you, in the early and mid-20th century, to become the world's largest Argentine lead producer along with the nearby Linares, under the territorial delimitation of Linares- La Carolina mining district.

This led to a strong immigration of workers from nearby provinces that significantly changed their demography and sociology, even to the birth of populations around these farms such as El Centenillo or El Guindo.

But the mining crisis meant the closure of all the mines in the 1970s. Thus today, the buildings linked to this activity have become part of the landscape as witnesses to its industrial past, being inscribed in the catalogue of the Institute of Historical Heritage of Andalusia.

For a few decades, La Carolina has been in the industrialization sector and is now a city full of future.

Guarroman was founded as part of the Sierra Morena colonization project that contemplated the Population Force of 1767, promulgated by Charles III.

It was Pablo Olavide who founded it with the name Muzquia, in the place that occupied the Sale of Guadalroman. Its first settlers were mostly German settlers. In the first documents of the foundation it is called Real Population of the Site of Guarroman. The name is believed to be the result of the castellanization of Arabic Uadi-r-Romman (river or stream of the pomegranates), which evolved phonetically to Guadalroman and later to Guarroman, now known as Tamujoso.

But those farmers would not be the only ones to give life to this land or to this people. Almost a century later, in 1861, under the protection of the resurgence of the lead and silver mines of Sierra Morena, they began to reach Guarroman miners from Almería, mainly, and from the lower Alpujarra of Granada, which together with the descendants of the German settlers ended up setting up the one that is today Guarroman.

A village open to an innovative agriculture of under-cover cultivation and to an industrial and service projection around the real road, today the A-IV motorway, former National IV.

The name of "Carboneros" it mentions its wealth and ancient mining activity that dates back to the times of General Cartaginese Anibal.

The written sources of the silver mines in the area of Catulus mention the Well of Baebelo, identified in the mining village of Palazuelos, in the municipal term of Carboneros. In this mine, large amounts of silver were obtained.

After the Roman conquest, the mine continues to operate as the sources and ceramic materials testify.

The current urban and landscape configuration has the imprint of the people of Colonization founded by the king Charles III in 1767, within the New villages of Sierra Morena.

In Carboneros the process begins with the construction of five houses, a church, a prison compound and a posite. The process was consolidated and the population continued to increase, while specializing in olive cultivation. The new planning, in addition to seeking a new social project, also carries out a different urbanism, with straight streets, with a main street that flows into the square, in which the church and the buildings of the civil and religious powers are located.

Dependents of Carboneros, several villages are created as The Ajuchar, The Bureau and The necks. It is sought with these new population centres, that the peasants dwell closer to the lands they have to cultivate to avoid investing time in displacement.

These new sites are built under the classic precepts of symmetry and order that were established for the rest of the locations of the Colonization.

In 2017, the 250 anniversary of the New Populations was celebrated in this town, and in others around it, with the organization of numerous events and activities, including an International Congress.

Although the birth of this municipality is linked to the Sierra Morena colonization project, launched by Charles III in the 18th century, this foundation was made on another settlement of remote origins. The oldest documents in which the town of Arquillos is mentioned date from 1254, in which Alfonso X the Sage gives the village to Baeza for protection and defence. On another document, in which the king grants Ubeda the villages of Cabra and Santiesteban, and indicates that he had taken Arquillos to this city to deliver it to Baeza, it follows that the village would have at least one Islamic origin. In the 13th century it was occupied by Fernando III and handed over to the Council of Ubeda.

The belonging to the Arcipregamiento de Baeza still attests to the Ximena Jurado in its 1852 Anals. Arquillos, located on the county gate, forced passage on the roads from Granada to Cuenca and Valencia to Sevilla, met from ancient times the conditions for the settlement of a population based on agricultural and livestock development. For the same reason it is not surprising that he was chosen by the superintendent Pablo de Olavide for the location of one of the colonisation cores, whom he had the desire to call Campomia, although he did not finally succeed.

This project of colonization of Sierra Morena in the 18th century was a great urbanizing company that saw the creation of forty-four towns and eleven cities in Yermos places of the Parrilla and Sierra Morena. It was intended to both populate and plant semi-desertic areas, and to make the journey Cadiz- Madrid for travellers and goods safer.

The territory was ordered according to a preconceived plan and the new villages and villages were designed a priori following the classicist patterns that prevailed at the time. One of the places that have best maintained this urbanism is Arquillos, a route in damer, governed by principles of symmetry, uniformity and order, with a varied set of squares and with the civic and religious center on the western edge, next to the crossing of roads. Arquillos was a long time dependent on Santiesteban from the Port until, in 1833, Queen Elizabeth II granted her independence for having given, ten years earlier, to General Riego, a symbol of revolutionary liberalism, refugee there in the last insurrection.