In the area of Tejina we have a splendid deciduous forest made up of complaints (Quercus faginea) that have leaves that are larger and more lustrous than those of high mountains, mapes of Montpelier (Acer monspessulanum), serbales (domestic Sorbus), pespejones (Sorbus tormentinalis) and pyruetans or wild perals (Pyrus bourgeana).

They are accompanied by shrubs such as majuelos (Crataegus monogina), endrines (Prunus spinosa), skirmishes or tapasses (Rosa spp.) and species of the Mediterranean forest, such as madroños (Arbutus unedo), agracejos or lebiernagos (Phylirea latifolia), wild jazmines (Jazminum fruticans), hedras (Hedera helix). In wet areas there are zarzas (Rubus ulmifolius), and in the forest and stony areas there are splits (Lavandula latifolia).

Among the herbaceous plants are grasses such as Brachypodium phoenocoids, Holcus lanatus, other species such as orchids (Ophrys lutea, O. apifera, O. tenthredinifera), trees (Trifolium campestre, T. strellatum), violets (Viola odorata) and others such as Bupleurum rigidum, Bellis perennis, etc.

We suggest:

• When you are in places like this, very few, remember that these deciduous forests are authentic ecological shelters for fauna, because the fruits of many of its plant species mature in winter, which makes many birds survive when food is scarce in all other places. In turn, these birds help in the dispersion of the seeds. The human transformation of these areas threatens the stability of this ecosystem and involves serious biodiversity losses. Today many of the plant components of this forest are protected by law in Andalusia. We cannot afford to lose the most precious natural treasures, our forests.

Valle del Guadalquivir, on the road A-319 (km 42), a little below the Puente del Hacha, in the area known as Tejina.

The site is really special for the great variety of species we found. In it we can walk and enjoy one of the few high mountain deciduous forests that have left in the Natural Park.

Today we can no longer define as forests the few remaining stains, even though in past times they spread across large areas of the high mountain of these saws, wearing the valleys and vessels of lush forests. At present their presence is limited to small holes, rails and rails in which deep and fertile soil is accumulated.

These beautiful bosquets are made up of maple (Acer granatense), mustard (Sorbus aria), cereal (Prunus mahaleb) and whine (Quercus faginea), accompanied by a shrub of spiners with majuelos (Crataegus monogina), rars (Berberis vulgaris australis), skirmishes (Rosa spp.), madreselvas (Lonicera spladada, L. etrusca), sanjuaneros (Lonicera arborea) and spinos (Cratagulata).

We suggest:

• Later there is Nava Noguera and the control of Rambla Seca, which marks the entrance to the Campos de Hernán Pelea, one of the most original and overwhelming landscapes of the Park.

• There are other very accessible places where we can enjoy these exceptional bosquets, such as the surroundings of the Collado del Ventano in the Calar de Navalespino and the Barranco del Guadalentín.

• Don't miss these sketches in the fall.

LOCATION

We access the road that goes from Vadillo Castril to Santiago de la Espada, which becomes a ground track from Los Collados, but the firm is good and we can reach the destination point without great problems. Once we have ascended to the Saves of San Pedro, we are already on the line, we arrive at the junction of the Laguna of Valdeazores, which is about 9 km from the Navy. We look at the extraordinary landscape, as we take the Guadalanimin ravine to our right. As we pass through the Collado de la Zarca (where there is a track to our right, cut to traffic with a chain), we lose sight of the Barranco del Guadalentín and enter a few rails. Less than a kilometre after a few curves are presented to our right, in the sense of the march, a few holes full of trees.

This type of forest can be the purest and best preserved that we find in the low mountain of the Park, refugee in unaltered ravines and slopes, where a fertile and deep soil is accumulated. There are some delays of this first formation, and one of the places where we can see it is in the lower basin of the Borosa River. On its slopes is an impressive lauroid forest of madroños, gracegos and doves. The highest point of this forest in our tour is the entrance to the closed of Elias, where a plant vault of madroños and agracejo covers us during a good stretch.

But what is a lauroid forest?

In Mediterranean forests we find several types of vegetation, determined by their conservation status, and the presence of more or less deep fertile soil. In the enclaves with better soil, deep and rich in organic matter, the lauroid forests, made up of shrubs and perennial, lustrous and always green leaves, grow.

The main components of this forest are the madroño (Arbutus unedo), the agracejo or labiérnago (Phillyrea latifolia), the pedillo or barbadija (Viburnum tinus), and climbers such as madreselvas (Lonicera implexa) and the zarzaparilla (Smilax aspera). These shrubs are sometimes accompanied by trees such as complaints and oaks (Quercus faginea and Quercus ilex ballota), although in closed formations of madroños and agracejo, it does not develop under them anything but their own seedlings, due to the dense shadow they form. These lauroid forests are the richest phase of plant succession in the low mountain of the Park.

These forests come from the vegetation that dominated southern Europe before the quaternary glaciations. After them the lauroid forests, which had more elements (trees such as the laurel, hence its name), had no choice but to adapt to a drier and colder climate, lost elements and took refuge on the middle slopes of the mountains and valleys where they found soil and softer climate with subhumid namoclima. Other plant elements that arrived with the northern latitudes glaciations found in these forests a suitable habitat, such as the complaints (Quercus faginea), the maple of Montpelier (Acer monspessulanum) and the pespejon (Sorbus tormentinalis).

LOCATION

We'll access the Borosa for the A-319. At the height of the Visitor Reception Center Torre del Vinagre, we turn right to the farm, where we park and remount the river upstream. Soon, at the Shipyard's source, we began to see that Mediterranean formation of lauroid species. We can reach the end of the Cerrada de Elias, where we end our walk through the lauroid forests.

One of the most surprising plant formations in the Park is the nozzles. Their presence is extraordinary for several reasons: for more to the south of the Iberian Peninsula they no longer exist, for they find refuge in many northern species, because the boj (Buxus sempervirens) has created a culture of home utensils and because they keep the ground in channels and slopes.

There are many places where we can see a nozzle. In many streams and ravines it is almost impenetrable, but we can also see it on the slopes of the Banderillas colonizing to the same top. There are also nozzles in any ravine of the Las Villas saw, in the closed of Elias, in the Borosa river, by the stream of the Molinos in Siles, etc. All these are easily accessible by vehicle, but we are going to set ourselves in a place a little more apart from the traditional tourist circuits, although perfectly accessible: a ravine called La Bojeda.

In La Bojeda there is a formation of boj accompanied by deciduous species such as cures (Acer granatense), maple de Montpelier (Acer monspessulanun), mustards (Sorbus aria), pespejones (Sorbus tormentinalis) and complaints (Quercus faginea). In the inside of the bowl, vegetation is not thriving because of the lack of light and the high humidity that is maintained, so the appearance of a bowl is of a continuous, always green tapestry. Only when winters are very cold, the whole bowl takes a tone between dark green and reddish brown. This is a cold defense mechanism. Other species are stripped of their leaves, but the boj, which is of perennial leaf so they are ingested in this way.

LOCATION

To access the port of Tiscar, on the road from Quesada to Pozo Alcón, if our direction is in that sense. When we get to the port we must follow a mile or so, until we reach a crossing of a forest track that leaves us to the left. We can park and follow it walking, it will take a little more than 3 km, which will make us very short, as the panoramic view we will see throughout the tour is spectacular.

Despite the strong emigration suffered over the last half century, both villages are still populated and with some vitality, still keeping their environment calm. The same fate has not been achieved by another village that is located downstream, Arroyo Molinos, which has been completely depopulated.

Although it does not appear on the maps, there is no sign of it, nor is there any separation that can be observed clearly, there are two Belerdas: the high and the low, so it is common to hear the village in plural. Many popular customs are still preserved, even the old public laundry is still used. The inhabitants are farmers and farmers, although there are some services (bakery, shop, bar, etc.).

We suggest...

• Visit the Larguillo Picón, a natural monument to the balance and geological whim.

• Between Belerda and Don Pedro is the Blue Pilon, a natural pool between rocks, which has traditionally been used for the bathroom by the locals. The waters are cold, but the experience revitalizes.

The village closest to Belerda is Huesa, 5 Km., from which part a road, very narrow and with curves, that goes directly to the village (JA-7200) and that links 3 km later with the road of Tícar (JA-6206). On this last road, Quesada is 18 km away. (the crossing to Belerda at 15), Hinojares at 15 (the crossing at 12) and Pozo Alcon at 20 km.

The name of the Forest Pass has a source that is worth knowing. The current wide road was formerly a cavalry path that communicated the Garbanzal forest house, with the area of Tícar and that more than thirty years ago became a forest track to allow access to vehicles in the event of emergencies, thanks to the theson and imagination of a forest guard, Alfonso Bosques. The track, in the first section, had to save the obstacle of a vertical wall (Picones de Fique), so the work was craved impossible for the superior of the agent, who denied the attempt.

Forests was in charge of a maintenance crew, to clean the gutters and fix the forest tracks. Taking advantage of the main guard's vacation, he got to work, almost without means. Based on masonry and hard work, in just twenty days he managed to widen the lane, allowing the movement of all-terrain vehicles, which facilitated rapid access to an area to which, in the event of a forest fire, he could only access on foot or give a rodeo of almost 40 km. Even to make a blow on the rock he used fair rockets, the only explosive he had within his reach. Since then, the locals have known the place with the last name of the guard.

We suggest...

• At the beginning of the walk, next to the chain, there is a natural lookout in one of the promontories of the Picones, with excellent views.

• Another highly recommended option is to make a small route that goes above the Fique Picones and that reaches the head of the Extreme Barrio, to a place known as La Bujea, which is under the Glove Picón. To this end, leaving the vehicle in the place indicated above, we continue on the main track, which ascends by the lack of the Rayal Picon, to enter, by the pine, to a clear through which a stream circulates. Meters above the forest track, following the course of the water, we found the birth of it. This small channel is known as the Bujea stream and disappears in the middle of the ravine. However, this is the true birth of the Extreme Arroyo, since the waters below are actually the same as those of the Bujea, which appear after a stretch of underground circulation.

By reference to the Port of Tícar, 500 metres from the highest point of the road, in the direction of Pozo Alcón, there is a forest track to our left, in a wide entrance where we can leave the vehicle. The firm is good, so we can drive in another 800 meters, up to a wide curve (with a pine in the interior vertex) with space to park. A few meters later (either on foot or on a bike) of the main lane part another track that ascends the slope, to enter between the rocks (there is a chain). Following that lead we reached the Picones de Fique and the Barrio del Garbanzal. If we continue later, already in the next ravine, we arrive at the birth of the Extreme Arroyo.

Location: To the west of the city centre, in the natural park of Sierra Magina.
Distance: 7 km.
Medium: By vehicle tourism and on foot.
Access route: By a lane that leaves directly from the city centre, until you reach a mountain road that access the enclave.

The area to the north of the Guadiana Menor, between Hinojares and Cabra del Santo Cristo, is part of one of the most desert areas of the province of Jaén, where they are added to the shortage of precipitation, a high litological erosionability and the accelerated process of natural erosion due to the phase of adaptation of the river channels to the change of the base level that occurred during the Quaternary in the Depression of Guadix- Baza.

All of these circumstances give rise to a highly degraded, carpeted landscape called bad@-@ land, of enormous beauty and geomorphological interest.

The area described corresponds to a large area of land in the south-eastern part of the province of Jaén, of which we will highlight the environment of the Cortijo Cherrín, in the vicinity of which there is also a magnificent example of deformation structures. These metric scale deformation structures are found in the upper Miocene (Tortonian) age turbite deposits, and are produced by the liquefaction of the sediment due to the abrupt sedimentation of turbidity currents. In particular, these are piled load structures with asymmetric morphology, whose vergence indicates the sense of movement of the turbidity current.

Source: Inventory of Georresources of Andalusia. Environmental Council. Junta de Andalusia.

The first of the corals, located between meters 66 and 69 of the stratigraphic series, can be found at its base some levels with small requirements. On this level there are limestones with abundant orbitolins and milliolids; on the roof of some banks we can find drying cracks and rhizocretions. The second level of corals is between meters 109 and 116. On both levels they are massive corals, usually located in a position of life. On the second level of corals there are sand and sand that have above the first levels of rudists. The best florings of these organisms are from the 142 meter to the roof of the stratigraphic section.

Source: Inventory of Georresources of Andalusia. Environmental Council. Junta de Andalusia.

There is another much more spectacular one when crossing the Trujala River from the Batan and known as the Moro Bridge, a construction of armchairs and of great monumental.

It is a must visit the track of land that goes parallel to the river, until its connection to the stream of the Yeros, where a small Roman bridge indicates the way to the cortijo of Romilán.