The original place of worship would be made up of a grotto in the rocky massif and a source; in front of that it is possible to emerge at different times, successive buildings of worship; for the oldest one it is kept news of its rectangular plant, and it is suspected a chronology of the centuries V- IV BC; for the most recent the dating managed would place it in the first century or perhaps before; the Shrine would already work from before the construction of the first building and would continue to do so, at least until the fourth century, after the destruction of the second building towards the third century AD. It seems that the exvotes, in the vast majority or in their entirety bronze figures, "Fury primitivement dépossées dans la caverne, et jetées de temps a autre sur la pente, mais jamais aucune fosse ne fut creusée pour les recevoir," which prevents the existence of a reliable strategy, which is aggravated by the precarious conditions of the excavation, at the beginning of the century, of the site. It is not unlikely, as one of the excavators suggested, that the religious whole should also be completed with a sacred forest, from whose branches the devotees would hang part of the offerings.

Today we see olive trees around the sanctuary but we must think of forest areas with some clear for cultivation, highlighting on the high Iznatoraf as the most important villa of the advance to the north of the Guadalquivir.

Little by little this situation of danger is disappearing, new inhabitants arrive and places are beginning to live outside the walls of the villa until it is necessary to disconnect them from the municipality. The inhabitants of the Moraleja in 1396 knew the autonomy with respect to Iznatoraf, going on to be called since then Villanueva del Archbishop.

It tells an ancient legend that in Muslim times there was a group of MozArabs in Iznatoraf with a great devotion to the virgin Mary. The king's wife showed some interest in the Christian religion by helping them in all that she could. When her husband, known as Alimenon, found out, he ordered that they take his wife into the forest and cut off her hands and take her eyes out to die in the most absolute solitude. The woman called on the virgin Mary, who presented herself and made a fountain sprout to wash her wounds. Miraculously he healed and the virgin ordered him to go up to her husband so that, being aware of the miracle, they would be baptized in the fountain and set up a temple in his honor.

The Sanctuary and the virgin of the Fuensana is one of the oldest in Spain and it is known that it existed in 1291 already as an important pilgrimage center on the border lands. The building is of three Gothic-style ships, although there are still some Romanesque reminiscent, such as a beautiful medieval mudejar tile. The virgin of the Fuensana is sold in a baroque shrimp of the 17th century.

u external appearance is low stylized but viscous by its volumetric contrasts. Made of masonry, the cover framed by molded cornice opens with a half-point arch on imposts with smooth transdotes. On its axis is raised a high swordsman of two bodies, the lower one with two arches also of half point and the upper one with one, triangular front and vases. It keeps a cover in a carved stone that belonged to the Marquis de la Cueva palace.

Its plant is rectangular and consists of a single ship covered with false plaster canyon vault, with false fajon arches that are based on arquitrabed pilasters. Both the ship and the presbyterium - which is accessed by a reduced spinal arch and covered with a half-orange vault on the breast - are decorated with geometric and plant thematic motifs. The choir stands at the feet and is supported by two columns with shoes. The shrimp has a polygonal plant, was built in the early 18th century and has undergone various reforms and modifications.

It is possible that the devotion to the Virgin of Cuadros may be extended to the Middle Ages as it corresponds to a very active region militarily in the Christian conquest and with a primarily agricultural activity. The relaunch of his worship was based on the model of popular religiosity promoted by the Council of Trent and on the ecclesiastical policy carried out in the province by Bishop Dávila. The importance of both the process and the claim of the pilgrimage of rosemary of the Sanctuary of the Virgin of Cuadros exceeds its artistic and monumental value.

When we enter the fields of Hernán Pelea we are open to the landscape, and we will discover true vegetable monuments that charge a large extent of soil.

The rake savannas colonize the rocky soils, so we find them in the scarves and cresteries, as well as in the highest of the summits. On the contrary, rake juniors prefer more developed soils, although it is not difficult to see them together. They are very long-lived species, being able to reach 1000 years of age. They do not raise much from the ground, rarely more than a meter high, but a single example can extend more than 20 m ².

They are almost mono-specific plant formations, that is, of a single dominant species, to which only some salgarean pine (Pinus nigra salzmannii), thorns (Berberis vulgaris australis) and on the slopes some maple (Acer granatense) or mustard (Sobus aria) are accompanied. But in the summit areas, the rareras are the queens of the landscape, competing with piornal and lastonar.

These two species came to our saws with the glaciations of the Quaternary. Today, with a more arid climate, they only survive in the highest and coldest of the mountains. Their regeneration is difficult and scarce, and they are also used as food by herbivores, so their future is not the most flattering.

LOCATION

Following the track that goes into the fields of Hernán Perea from Don Domingo, we take the one that goes through the rample of Juan Fría, in which is the Galapan pine, we overcome it and as we pass through the cortijo of the Pinadilla, we are opened a splendid sabinar rastrero.

In 1169 the Castle of Castro Ferral was conquered by Calatravos, commanded by Fernando de Icaza, the second Master of the Order. However, before the battle of the Navas de Tolosa, the fortress was again under Muslim control. Ferral would lead several acts of weapons during the military campaign that would end with the Christian triumph of the Navy (1212). The strategic importance of this castle, by controlling one of the traditional steps of Sierra Morena, made it an essential objective for any army that would want to cross the area.

The transfer of the border to the Betic Cordilleras marked the decline of Castro Ferral, who lost his role as a watchman for access to the Guadalquivir Valley. The foundation of St. Helena (Ermita de los Palacios), which has made it less important as a reference centre for the small population of those contours, was joined. In an undetermined time, they beat it to prevent it from becoming a jumpers' den.

The castle of Ferral was made up of three defensive enclosures. The first, currently the worst preserved, was a broad emulated in the slope of land that closed the top of the fence describing an almost perfect circle. This defensive line is more solid and pronounced at the North and North-East ends, where the land gap is greater.

In its interior is developed a second enclosure, possibly built in ground tapial on the base of masonry, from which are preserved various remains and two bastions that could protect the entrance to the castle.

The central core of the castle is made up of a rectangular enclosure of argamase tapial, in which the underground remains, possibly aljibes, are visible.

Former Xandulilla. Influent on the left bank of the Guadalquivir River. Collect the waters from the northeastern face of the Sierra Magina massif. The associated valley is given the same name. Unwind in the Guadalquivir River, in the area of Ubeda the old one. The Arab geographer Al-Zuhrí, mentions him by the name of Wadi-l-Ard, or Rio de la Tierra.

He named the former population of Xandulilla, of which there are many archaeological remains of great importance spread throughout the area. In the 17th century it was known as "Villa de Felix" with its own jurisdiction. It is a river with a normally low and variable flow rate and without regulatory structures. It is born under the Port of the Gallardos, also known in its first stretch as Rio Huelma, its main tributaries, both on the left are the Gualijar River and the Garganton River that are born in the main massif of Magina and after a very short journey they result in the Jandulilla, apart from numerous intermittent rags and ramps.

With regard to the faunistic species that inhabit the environment, mention the wolf, the lince, the otter, the imperial eagle, the royal eagle or the azor.

Location: To the north-east of the town, in the heart of the Natural Park of Despeñacolos.

Distance: 16 km.

Medium: Tourism vehicle.

Access route: Departing from the village by the highway of Andalusia in the sense of Madrid and taking, to the right and after going about 6 km, the road J-6.110 towards Aldeaquemada.

The Mengibar Dam was an important civil work in its time, as it was among the first hydraulic power plants to be built in Spain with mobile doors. Until then, the dams were fixed and, if they exceeded their capacity, overflowed. However, in the case of Mengibar, in anticipation of possible floods, Mengemor engineers designed to install mobile doors that allow the water to be depacked in a controlled way to the river. Built from load walls, with natural stone masonry, lacquered and assembled by concrete mortar. The holes form a half-point arc with material of similar characteristics. Covered with flat ceramic tile, mounted on metal fences. It is in good conservation and is currently used to generate electrical power and inject it into the network.

The park is located in a public square in the centre of the city centre, with urban facilities and furniture dating back to the 1980s and which were old and in disuse. "It is a comprehensive project that will remodel this Freedom Park, which is almost 40 years old and has an image of deterioration," he adds. In this first phase, the entire infrastructure of supply, sanitation and public lighting is being changed. This performance will continue in a second phase in which all the urban furniture will be completed, consisting of banks running around the alcorques and the children's playground, as well as the covering of the fountain and the decorative lighting of the whole.