In the westernmost part of the Cazorla saw, tectonic scales of Cazorla and del Chorro, the Oxfordiense is also represented by nodular and rhythmic margoso- calcareas, by sponge and stromatolite bioconstructions, some of which perfectly retain the depository morphology, giving reliefs in the form of mounds ("mounds") made up of sponges and, most of them, of which are stromatolites. The spongiaries, siliceous sponges epigenized to calcite, appear mainly in the lower part of the bioherm, at first disorganized and fragmented and then adapted to different surfaces.

The stromatolites, on the other hand, constitute the majority of the bioconstructed body, and begin to be planar and then move to centrimetric columnar forms that together give cupolas of almost half a metre in diameter. Some of these depository morphologies can be observed on the slope of the road that from Cazorla leads to the Chorro, where this point of geological interest is located. These deposits culminate the depository sequence of the Oxfordiense in the saw of Cazorla, which is a sequence of deepening, in response to the oxfordiense transgression that caused the disappearance of the platform of the Lïas-Dogger, whose deposits are crowned by a "hardground" on which the Oxfordiense sequence is available. This sequence, in turn, is overtaken by another of lower Kimmeridgian age with which again the somerization that will culminate the Jurassic cycle begins.

Source: Inventory of Georresources of Andalusia. Environmental Council. Junta de Andalusia.

Location: Head of the Albanchez River.

Distance: 5 km.

Medium: On foot.

Access route: By mountain sidewalk.

A road to the right is about 400 metres from the forest house of the source of Steel that will take us to the top of the Guadaltiín River.

From the Fuente de los Chorros, which can be considered its birth, to Vado Carretas, the Guadalanimin is watched by a high wall, the Cabrilla saw, which rises almost 1000 meters above its waters, and is shown in a succession of poyos and cliffs. In this Sierra there are some of the highest peaks of the Natural Park, such as the Cerro de los Tornajos, the Pico las Covachas or the Empanadas, which exceed 2,000 m. This saw is also the limit with the province of Granada.

The river is surrounded by beautiful pastures, cortijos and fields of abandoned crops, and with them great nogueras and other fruit trees that show us life in other times. Some of these corijos are in places that are remnants of peace and invite us to make a stop and enjoy the landscape.

We suggest...

• Make the route from Fuente Steel to the Vado de las Carretas in order to admire these landscapes as a whole.

• Stop you in the forest of complaints you'll find on the way.

In Cazorla take the Sierra road (A-319) until the crossing known as the Empalme del Valle. Turn right on the JF-7092 road and after passing the bridge over the Guadalquivir River (4 km from the Empalme) follow the left track (JF-7091). Passing the Sail of San Pedro and the Strait of the Perals we find on the right the ruins of the forest house of Fuente Econo.

Since 2003, it has held a cattle fair in August, which had historically been one of the largest in the province of Jaén.

When he received the assignment, the Albacetean architect found it very difficult not to have a space of the size that Francisco de los Cobos asked for, so he solved it by building a vault on the River Cerezuelo; above the vault, the square of Santa Maria and on the square, the church, disproportionate by its enormous size, as they only lived a thousand inhabitants in the town, and yet almost cathedralicia. The project dated from 1535 and was a major engineering challenge for the media of the time.

It is said to be the only church in the world built on a river, and it is today, without a doubt, along with the vault on which it rises, the great tourist attraction in the city of Cazorla.

Many are the places where we can see a good forest in the gallery, both in the Segura River Valley and in the Guadalquivir Valley. The one we have chosen is on the upper stretch of the Segura River, in its way through the charming village of La Toba.

This defines the forests that accompany the rivers. Its components change along the river, from its birth to its mouth. The section we will see in the mountain areas of the Park corresponds to the sections of the high basin.

The forest we visit is made up of choperas (Populus nigra and Populus x canadensis), strawberries (Fraxinus angustifolia), saucedas formed by several willows (Salix eleagnos angustifolia, S. purpurea, S. atrcinerea and S. fragilis), zarzales (Rubus ulmifolius), and herbaceous formations of junches, molinies and cardics (Scripus holoschoenu, Juncus inflexius, Molinia caulea and Carpenex). We can also observe orchids such as daztilorrizas (Daztilorhiza elata) among these junkals.

Any time of the year is good for walking through this forest, with the most recommended autumn for its colors and the advanced spring for the great green nuance it presents and for the flowering of the orchids that populate it.

LOCATION

In the short detour that goes to the village of La Toba, as we pass the bridge over the Segura River, we park and we can enjoy directly a splendid riverside forest.

In the area of Tejina we have a splendid deciduous forest made up of complaints (Quercus faginea) that have leaves that are larger and more lustrous than those of high mountains, mapes of Montpelier (Acer monspessulanum), serbales (domestic Sorbus), pespejones (Sorbus tormentinalis) and pyruetans or wild perals (Pyrus bourgeana).

They are accompanied by shrubs such as majuelos (Crataegus monogina), endrines (Prunus spinosa), skirmishes or tapasses (Rosa spp.) and species of the Mediterranean forest, such as madroños (Arbutus unedo), agracejos or lebiernagos (Phylirea latifolia), wild jazmines (Jazminum fruticans), hedras (Hedera helix). In wet areas there are zarzas (Rubus ulmifolius), and in the forest and stony areas there are splits (Lavandula latifolia).

Among the herbaceous plants are grasses such as Brachypodium phoenocoids, Holcus lanatus, other species such as orchids (Ophrys lutea, O. apifera, O. tenthredinifera), trees (Trifolium campestre, T. strellatum), violets (Viola odorata) and others such as Bupleurum rigidum, Bellis perennis, etc.

We suggest:

• When you are in places like this, very few, remember that these deciduous forests are authentic ecological shelters for fauna, because the fruits of many of its plant species mature in winter, which makes many birds survive when food is scarce in all other places. In turn, these birds help in the dispersion of the seeds. The human transformation of these areas threatens the stability of this ecosystem and involves serious biodiversity losses. Today many of the plant components of this forest are protected by law in Andalusia. We cannot afford to lose the most precious natural treasures, our forests.

Valle del Guadalquivir, on the road A-319 (km 42), a little below the Puente del Hacha, in the area known as Tejina.

The site is really special for the great variety of species we found. In it we can walk and enjoy one of the few high mountain deciduous forests that have left in the Natural Park.

Today we can no longer define as forests the few remaining stains, even though in past times they spread across large areas of the high mountain of these saws, wearing the valleys and vessels of lush forests. At present their presence is limited to small holes, rails and rails in which deep and fertile soil is accumulated.

These beautiful bosquets are made up of maple (Acer granatense), mustard (Sorbus aria), cereal (Prunus mahaleb) and whine (Quercus faginea), accompanied by a shrub of spiners with majuelos (Crataegus monogina), rars (Berberis vulgaris australis), skirmishes (Rosa spp.), madreselvas (Lonicera spladada, L. etrusca), sanjuaneros (Lonicera arborea) and spinos (Cratagulata).

We suggest:

• Later there is Nava Noguera and the control of Rambla Seca, which marks the entrance to the Campos de Hernán Pelea, one of the most original and overwhelming landscapes of the Park.

• There are other very accessible places where we can enjoy these exceptional bosquets, such as the surroundings of the Collado del Ventano in the Calar de Navalespino and the Barranco del Guadalentín.

• Don't miss these sketches in the fall.

LOCATION

We access the road that goes from Vadillo Castril to Santiago de la Espada, which becomes a ground track from Los Collados, but the firm is good and we can reach the destination point without great problems. Once we have ascended to the Saves of San Pedro, we are already on the line, we arrive at the junction of the Laguna of Valdeazores, which is about 9 km from the Navy. We look at the extraordinary landscape, as we take the Guadalanimin ravine to our right. As we pass through the Collado de la Zarca (where there is a track to our right, cut to traffic with a chain), we lose sight of the Barranco del Guadalentín and enter a few rails. Less than a kilometre after a few curves are presented to our right, in the sense of the march, a few holes full of trees.

This type of forest can be the purest and best preserved that we find in the low mountain of the Park, refugee in unaltered ravines and slopes, where a fertile and deep soil is accumulated. There are some delays of this first formation, and one of the places where we can see it is in the lower basin of the Borosa River. On its slopes is an impressive lauroid forest of madroños, gracegos and doves. The highest point of this forest in our tour is the entrance to the closed of Elias, where a plant vault of madroños and agracejo covers us during a good stretch.

But what is a lauroid forest?

In Mediterranean forests we find several types of vegetation, determined by their conservation status, and the presence of more or less deep fertile soil. In the enclaves with better soil, deep and rich in organic matter, the lauroid forests, made up of shrubs and perennial, lustrous and always green leaves, grow.

The main components of this forest are the madroño (Arbutus unedo), the agracejo or labiérnago (Phillyrea latifolia), the pedillo or barbadija (Viburnum tinus), and climbers such as madreselvas (Lonicera implexa) and the zarzaparilla (Smilax aspera). These shrubs are sometimes accompanied by trees such as complaints and oaks (Quercus faginea and Quercus ilex ballota), although in closed formations of madroños and agracejo, it does not develop under them anything but their own seedlings, due to the dense shadow they form. These lauroid forests are the richest phase of plant succession in the low mountain of the Park.

These forests come from the vegetation that dominated southern Europe before the quaternary glaciations. After them the lauroid forests, which had more elements (trees such as the laurel, hence its name), had no choice but to adapt to a drier and colder climate, lost elements and took refuge on the middle slopes of the mountains and valleys where they found soil and softer climate with subhumid namoclima. Other plant elements that arrived with the northern latitudes glaciations found in these forests a suitable habitat, such as the complaints (Quercus faginea), the maple of Montpelier (Acer monspessulanum) and the pespejon (Sorbus tormentinalis).

LOCATION

We'll access the Borosa for the A-319. At the height of the Visitor Reception Center Torre del Vinagre, we turn right to the farm, where we park and remount the river upstream. Soon, at the Shipyard's source, we began to see that Mediterranean formation of lauroid species. We can reach the end of the Cerrada de Elias, where we end our walk through the lauroid forests.

One of the most surprising plant formations in the Park is the nozzles. Their presence is extraordinary for several reasons: for more to the south of the Iberian Peninsula they no longer exist, for they find refuge in many northern species, because the boj (Buxus sempervirens) has created a culture of home utensils and because they keep the ground in channels and slopes.

There are many places where we can see a nozzle. In many streams and ravines it is almost impenetrable, but we can also see it on the slopes of the Banderillas colonizing to the same top. There are also nozzles in any ravine of the Las Villas saw, in the closed of Elias, in the Borosa river, by the stream of the Molinos in Siles, etc. All these are easily accessible by vehicle, but we are going to set ourselves in a place a little more apart from the traditional tourist circuits, although perfectly accessible: a ravine called La Bojeda.

In La Bojeda there is a formation of boj accompanied by deciduous species such as cures (Acer granatense), maple de Montpelier (Acer monspessulanun), mustards (Sorbus aria), pespejones (Sorbus tormentinalis) and complaints (Quercus faginea). In the inside of the bowl, vegetation is not thriving because of the lack of light and the high humidity that is maintained, so the appearance of a bowl is of a continuous, always green tapestry. Only when winters are very cold, the whole bowl takes a tone between dark green and reddish brown. This is a cold defense mechanism. Other species are stripped of their leaves, but the boj, which is of perennial leaf so they are ingested in this way.

LOCATION

To access the port of Tiscar, on the road from Quesada to Pozo Alcón, if our direction is in that sense. When we get to the port we must follow a mile or so, until we reach a crossing of a forest track that leaves us to the left. We can park and follow it walking, it will take a little more than 3 km, which will make us very short, as the panoramic view we will see throughout the tour is spectacular.