Located in the municipality of Baños de la Encina, the argaric village of Peñalosa has been a reference in the research of the Bronze of Alto Guadalquivir. It sits on a slate slate in the form of a tongue, with two large slopes of strong slopes limiting to the north with the Rumblar River and to the south with the Salsipuas stream. The waters of the Rumbar reservoir now bathe the structures of this argaric village.

The town belongs to the Argar Culture, which was developed during the Bronze Age by the provinces of Almería, Murcia, Granada and part of those of Jaén and Alicante, and was inhabited about 400 years, from the mid-19th century a. C. until the mid-15th century a. C.

The site is a fortified village with houses built with slate on the hill and along its slopes on terraces, as steps, connected with each other by narrow streets and corridors, no significant architectural differences between the different terraces are seen. Within the village there are several different areas: on the top of the hill a fortified area with three houses connected to each other by the aforementioned corridors; generating a structured and organized area. On the north side, three natural and artificial terraces are alternated, interconnected with corridors, and in which houses are distributed. The village also has a large tank in the lower part that would collect the water from the rain and powerful defensive bastions that delimited the village. A characteristic feature of this culture was the interiors within the houses themselves, accompanying the deceased with joules corresponding to the social range they had within the village.

The main economic activity of the population was copper mining, especially the Azurite and Malakita, exploiting the mining wealth of the valley. The entire mining process has been documented: mining, reduction, casting and manufacturing of tools and ingots. Other economic activities such as looms and cereal processing, especially barley, have also been documented.

Socially, there are differences between the burials between those on the middle and upper terraces and those on the bottom; in addition, most burials on the upper terrace are located in exclusively funerary spaces, which has led to the hypothesis that it was a very hierarchical community, with a militarized elite (upper terrace) to which the mass of peasants - free warriors (middle terrace) would be subordinate and on whose base there would be a population layer in a servile state attached to the elite (lower terrace).

The human occupation of the environment of what is today Beas de Segura is very old. The first human testimonies of the Sierra de Segura appear in this site, in the area of Puente Moccho, a name that is designated to an extensive outdoor habitat next to the terraces of the Guadalimar River. There are materials from the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of the dawn of the last glaciation (between 100,000-10,000 BC).

This place was the passage of important mammals, it had abundant fishing resources and abundant raw material for the manufacture of carved stone tools, highlighting rolling edges and pebbles worked in quartdate.

The remains of the Lachelian political industry of this place were discovered in 1913 by Cabré and the Abad Breuil and part of them are found in the Provincial Museum of Jaén, in the Archaeology Section, room 1: Prehistory.

In this city, surrounded by a powerful wall, large public buildings were created, of which large remains of bases and capitals are preserved, and public inscriptions that were part of great sculptures.

In addition, it was equipped with an aqueduct that supplied large aljibes that are still visible today on the plateau of Maquiz. In the southern part of the city was built a large enlisted square of more than 1000 square meters (40x30m), possibly the forum of the city, from which we know in detail a small temple located on one of the corners of this square.

The beneficial acts of its most prominent citizens are reflected in several epigraphic documents, and reveal the existence of large playful buildings as a possible circus.

The identification of Cerro Machiz with the old Iliturgi is argued, among a large set of archaeological data, with the presence of several headings located in Cerro Machiz that refer to this name. Among them the most famous comes from an honorary heading dedicated by the "popvlus ilitvurgitanus" to Tiberio Sememonio Graccho.

The name Bruñel comes from the Latin word Balneum (bathroom), with the evolution of the mozarina degenerated in the word Bruñel (spa).

Despite the obvious Roman present, there is a record of an Iberian necropolis dating from the 4th century BC and the presence of material and constructive remains.

The villa of Bruñel would be framed in the Roman road that connected Catulo with the current Guadix and, according to the Roman constituency, was attached to the Roman province of the Carthaginense, with capital in Cartago Nova, present Cartagena. The Roman occupation of the village of Bruñel is referred to three phases throughout the II and IV centuries d. C. and according to its evolution, it can be distinguished the socio-economic changes that the Spanish population suffered.

A first phase corresponding to the 2nd century d. C. and is formed by an irregular cruciform building to which contrasts are associated, a tank and an arc of circular structure. The material used is the rich opus camenticium or Roman cement; in addition to stucco with large bermellon mirrors, dark blue or green, separated by dark bands and columns.

The second phase of the villa corresponds to the 3rd century d. C., being a well preserved villa with pretensions. It highlights the presence of an imposing Atrium with impluvium and a peristil around which most rooms and rooms are articulated. It highlights the decoration with the presence of mosaics with generally geometrical compositions, with swastika bands or braids of different ends or combinations of the previous ones with medallions with human figures; as well as the presence of stucco decorated in most rooms. It highlights the mosaic with the figure of Tetis that is currently located in the Museum of Jaén.

The third phase of the villa adheres to the 4th century d. C., a century of socio-economic changes that are reflected in the villa, demolishing part of the previous phase and replacing it with another building without pretensions, more focused on agricultural activity. These are two buildings, one of them rectangular with apses marked on its minor sides and another building with a large courtyard around which different rooms and rooms are connected with the peristil through two corridors. This latter building would be a courthouse, being the different rooms without paving warehouses or blocks. While the rectangular building, remains of the village of the 3rd century d. C., would be preserved as an urban villa, that is, the area reserved as the home of the owners.

The end of the villa occurred as a result of a great fire, evidenced by the carbonized remains found, although it is discussed whether it happened in the V century d. C. or VIII d. C.

The camera has rectangular floor with three ships. The greater than the sides, and these to the right and left, have an antecedent that is accessed by false arches with simulated capitel in their jambas. In the interior of the receptacles we can observe banks and poyetes to deposit the cineries and the joules. The side and central ships have niches on the walls to receive offerings. The construction of about four meters in length by almost three meters wide is made with large armchairs adjusted to the time of its assembly and covered by a structure of large slabs. The whole construction is of a monumental character, cyclopean by the size of some armchairs and dintels. In terms of its content, we must refer to the recovered, and among all this we highlight the Greek ceramics of red figures, especially the crateras and the metal elements among which the remains of a car stand out. His chronology includes it within the Iberian culture of the end of the S. V and the beginning of the IV before Christ. The aim of this stop is to show how a main funeral chamber is and its meaning in the context of the Iberian aristocratic society. The Centre of the Principesque Tombs of Peal allows you to know the theme of the life of the ultratumba and the funeral rites.

La Zona Arqueológica de Marroquíes Bajos ha sido para la ciudad de Jaén un todo, un antes y un después. Los más de 25 años de intervenciones arqueológicas han permitido una importante revisión de la historia del municipio.

Marroquíes Bajos es uno de los asentamientos más importantes del sur peninsular, no sólo por la extensión de más de 130 ha., sino porque contiene una de las secuencias culturales más completas y complejas de nuestro país, pues alberga cuatro ocupaciones  que han definido la manera de vivir de los pueblos que ocuparon esta tierra desde el neolítico, calcolítico, ibérica, romana y visigoda. Es decir, desde la segunda mitad del IV milenio a. C. hasta la actualidad, pasando por 19 fases distintas, otorgando al yacimiento de una complejidad espacial y diacrónica mayúscula.

Su forma de ocupación se orienta a la explotación de los recursos agrícolas y al desarrollo de las técnicas hidrológicas necesarias para su aprovechamiento intensivo. Los sistemas de canalización se suceden en el tiempo y bajo las acequias, aún en funcionamiento, se han localizado drenajes del siglo XVII; atarjeas, canales y molinos de noria islámicos; molinos, albercas y canales romanos; y soportándolo todo, el gran sistema hidráulico prehistórico que continúa aún hoy decidiendo sobre las trayectorias de las aguas subterráneas en la zona. La presencia de poblamiento continuado en este lugar tiene mucho que ver con su valor estratégico, ya que el norte de Jaén, donde se encuentra el yacimiento, está dominando la cuenca fluvial del arroyo La Magdalena y donde confluyen otros arroyos menores creando una pequeña cuenca hidrográfica que ha tenido un enorme valor estratégico y económico a lo largo de la historia. Los aportes aluviales de estos cursos de agua, han acabado formando una cubeta sedimentaria agrícolamente muy fértil, haciendo de la zona un lugar idóneo donde asentarse.

Las primeras evidencias de poblamiento son del Neolítico (segunda mitad del IV milenio a. C.), como un pequeño campamento estacionario con estructuras  semisubterráneas.

Fue durante el Calcolítico (III milenio a II milenio a. C.) cuando el poblamiento adquirió realmente importancia, conformándose una macro-aldea de 35 ha confirmadas y hasta más de 100 ha estimadas, con funciones definidas y donde el reaprovechamiento de las diferentes estructuras y remodelaciones serían constantes. El espacio habitado se confería mediante una serie de anillos concéntricos delimitados por un sistema de fosos (multifuncionales) de agua excavados. Flanqueados en el interior por empalizadas de maderas y muros de adobe o piedra; presentando accesos e incluso bastiones. El sistema de fosos permitía además recoger agua de los manantiales del cerro de Santa Catalina facilitando la irrigación de las tierras aledañas. La magnitud de los fosos sería manifiesta, existiendo entre 5 y 6 fosos de unos 650 m. a 1.900 m. de diámetro. Tal importancia tuvo el sistema de fosos que aún hoy en día altera la topografía de la ciudad, adecuándose esta a su disposición.

Las diferentes estructuras se articularían en los anillos definidos entre los fosos y las empalizadas, con planta circular y sección acampanada, tamaños variables y excavadas, al igual que los fosos, en la roca. Un segundo tipo de estructuras serían la cilindro-cónicas, realizadas con un entramado de ramas y barro, sustentadas por un poste y cuyo perímetro estaría definido por una zanja excavada en la roca. Por último, un tercer tipo serían cabañas de planta oval o circular con un zócalo de piedra. También destacan estructuras destinadas a almacenaje: con silos excavados en la roca, de planta circular y sección acampanada. Respecto a las estructuras funerarias, destacan la existencia de fosas con enterramientos múltiples similares a las destinadas al hábitat.

El asentamiento ibérico es de menores dimensiones, teniendo la mayoría de las estructuras semiexcavadas en la roca y realizadas con materiales potencialmente perecederos.

En la fase romana se pueden identificar varias áreas; con restos republicanos y una importante ocupación alto imperial (siglos I y II d. C.), destacando diversas estructuras destinadas al regadío como canales, balsas y, en especial, una imponente cisterna realizada en cemento romano (opus caementicium). Además, se han encontrados restos de una villa y una necrópolis de inhumación de época tardorromana o altomedieval cristiana.

Tras una breve etapa visigoda entramos en la fase islámica, con una gran densidad de dispersión de estructuras emirales, la rápida destrucción de las viviendas califales y la compleja configuración de construcciones almohades. Además, destaca la constate reutilización de estructuras romanas durante época almohade.

La magnitud y la importancia del yacimiento dieron lugar a su inscripción con carácter específico en el Catálogo General del Patrimonio Histórico Andaluz con la categoría de Zona Arqueológica según la Orden del 22 de octubre de 2003.

The sculptural ensemble located in this settlement is by far the most important and monumental that has provided Iberian archaeology and key to understanding this culture at the time of its full consolidation, during the fifth century before Christ. This sculptural ensemble is located in the Provincial Museum of Jaén. Other Iberian pieces are exhibited in the Municipal Archaeological Museum of Porcilla, located in the Tower of Boabdil.