Sacred Capilla de El Salvador del Mundo
Conceived as a quadrangular space by the insignia architect Andrés de Vandelvira, it was covered by a large cross vault, of which there is only one reminder of its steel structure, reform made in the late 20th century. The chapel has the left side and the lower chapels of the bottom altar, on which the Major Altar was built. The rest of the Church is from the 17th century. It currently hosts the Municipal Auditorium.
In 1169 the Castle of Castro Ferral was conquered by Calatravos, commanded by Fernando de Icaza, the second Master of the Order. However, before the battle of the Navas de Tolosa, the fortress was again under Muslim control. Ferral would lead several acts of weapons during the military campaign that would end with the Christian triumph of the Navy (1212). The strategic importance of this castle, by controlling one of the traditional steps of Sierra Morena, made it an essential objective for any army that would want to cross the area.
The transfer of the border to the Betic Cordilleras marked the decline of Castro Ferral, who lost his role as a watchman for access to the Guadalquivir Valley. The foundation of St. Helena (Ermita de los Palacios), which has made it less important as a reference centre for the small population of those contours, was joined. In an undetermined time, they beat it to prevent it from becoming a jumpers' den.
The castle of Ferral was made up of three defensive enclosures. The first, currently the worst preserved, was a broad emulated in the slope of land that closed the top of the fence describing an almost perfect circle. This defensive line is more solid and pronounced at the North and North-East ends, where the land gap is greater.
In its interior is developed a second enclosure, possibly built in ground tapial on the base of masonry, from which are preserved various remains and two bastions that could protect the entrance to the castle.
The central core of the castle is made up of a rectangular enclosure of argamase tapial, in which the underground remains, possibly aljibes, are visible.
There are only remains of this castle of a bulldozer built by Muslims before the Battle of the Saves of Tolosa. It is located inside the Natural Park, on the heights of the port of Muradal, to keep the Paso de la Losa, route between Andalusia and the Plateau. It is accessed exclusively by forest track.
Se produce entonces el primer ensanche urbano de la población, que rompe longitudinalmente hacia el Suroeste con su antigua estructura amurallada. A lo largo de este eje se levantan el Pósito, sede del Ayuntamiento, y la iglesia de Ntra. Sra. de la Concepción, parroquia en pie hasta 1955, año en el que sobre ella se construyó la actual, perdiendo la población una de las dos parroquias históricas que tuvo en el pasado.
La otra parroquia se alza ruinosa dentro del recinto bajo de la fortaleza, configurando con ella y la espléndida naturaleza de la Sierra que la enmarca uno de los lugares más bellos de la provincia de Jaén. Este segundo templo, dedicado a Santo Domingo, es fruto del empeño de uno de los hombres más influyentes en la España de Carlos I, el famoso y prepotente secretario Francisco de los Cobos, que consiguió hacerse con el señorío del Adelantamiento en 1534, permaneciendo bajo la administración y control de sus descendientes, los Marqueses de Camarasa, hasta el año 1606, fecha en la que es recuperado por el Arzobispado de Toledo, propietario del amplio señorío desde el siglo XIII. Durante este período se construiría la que Rus Puerta califica como Iglesia Mayor.
Pero este monumental templo presentaba cierto abandono y ruina en el siglo XVIII. En el Catastro del Marqués de la Ensenada, de 1751, se relata así el estado en que se encontraba: “(...) lo que causa mayor dolor es ver la fábrica de la parroquial mayor de Santo Domingo de Silos por acabar, siendo esta bastante decente, y por los muchos hostigos y tejados con los que hoy se halla, por no estar perfeccionada padece el continuo detrimento de tan continuos gastos para poder conservarse (...)”.
La Guerra de la Independencia provocó su total ruina, pues fue incendiada, como Santa María, de Cazorla, el 4 de julio de 1810 por las tropas francesas. Posteriormente fue usado como Cementerio hasta mediados del siglo XX, quedando aún visibles los restos de esta ocupación. Paseando por las ruinas de Santo Domingo de Silos podemos acercarnos a uno de los episodios de la historia de estas sierras menos conocido. Poco sabemos sobre lo sucedido entre 1808 y 1812 en unas zonas muy alejadas de las ciudades ocupadas por los franceses. ¿Por qué incendiarían los franceses un edificio como la iglesia de Santo Domingo de Silos? Está claro que en una zona tan inaccesible, la presencia de los invasores franceses era bastante puntual.
Al mismo tiempo se ha constatado que aprovechando la geografía del terreno muchos guerrilleros se escondieron de los invasores en esta zona. Sabemos que ningún pueblo acogió de buena gana el gobierno de José I. Por el contrario, se organizaron juntas de defensas en las capitales de partido para hacer frente a los franceses.
En muchos pueblos se hicieron algunas obras de fortificación y quizá esta fue la última vez en la que se volvió a utilizar el castillo de Segura de la Sierra con fines militares. La respuesta francesa fue siempre la misma y consistió en el saqueo y destrucción de todos los elementos del poder en los pueblos. Normalmente se incendiaba el ayuntamiento con el objetivo de destruir toda la documentación del archivo y paralizar administrativamente el gobierno local. Otro objetivo eran las iglesias para destruir libros de bautismos y de defunciones, aunque la destrucción de las iglesias tenía también un componente psicológico pues se destruía un refugio para la población y al mismo tiempo el último recurso que los vecinos tenían en una situación de este tipo, el acudir a la iglesia a rezar para implorar la ayuda divina.
Por otra parte, según Vicente Salvatierra parece muy posible que la primitiva iglesia pudo estar en el mismo emplazamiento que la de Santo Domingo, al pie del castillo. En opinión de Luis Magaña, Rodrigo de Gibaja, maestro cantero ligado al Arzobispado de Toledo y responsable de las fábricas de la Colegial de Baeza y de la iglesia de Puebla de Don Fabrique, en tierras granadinas, tuvo a su cargo las obras de las iglesias de Santa María, en Quesada, y de Santo Domingo de La Iruela. También se ha documentado la participación del cantero cazorleño Gabriel de Tauste. No hay constancia documental de la intervención de Andrés de Vandelvira, pero es muy probable que diera las trazas a instancias de Francisco de los Cobos en torno al año 1534, encargándose de la ejecución Gibaja y Tauste, entre otros maestros canteros.
Chueca Goitia, comparando los restos de las iglesias de Santa María, de Cazorla, con la de La Iruela, estima que esta “Es de arte más pobre y tosco, como realizado por maestros locales siguiendo, seguramente, inspiraciones vandelvirescas”. En cualquier caso, ambas fábricas se están levantando paralelamente, dilatándose más en el tiempo la de Cazorla. De aquel monumental templo solo restan parte de los muros perimetrales, las portadas de acceso, la escalera de caracol para acceder a la torre de campanas, las capillas mayor y colaterales y una monumental portada en el lado del Evangelio con un relieve en el que se representa el milagro de la imposición de la casulla a San Ildefonso. La planta era de tres naves y la cabecera plana y destacada.
Determinados rasgos decorativos, la traza de las portadas de acceso y, sobre todo, la composición del alzado de los muros del crucero o primer gran tramo, articulado por un gran arco de medio punto en la parte alta y dos capillas en la baja separadas entre sí por una pilastra con una hornacina avenerada, son claramente vandelvirianos. En la catedral de Jaén o en San Isidoro de Úbeda, Andrés de Vandelvira incorporó monumentalmente esta composición, ejecutada con mayor sencillez en el caso de La Iruela.
Monument included in the Historical-Artistic Set. Uncooked 01 / 04 / 85. The 16th century was a time of great economic development for the people of Alto Guadalquivir, which led to important urban and architectural interventions. In the villa of La Iruela, as in Cazorla, head of the advance, certain works were planned and carried out throughout that centuria that enhanced and modified its powerful medieval image, determined by its imposing strength.
It cost him the effort, but in the end, and despite Toledo's resistance, in 1534 he obtained the title, but his descendants could not keep it, as he was reintegrated to his former owners after a sound lawsuit in 1634. Cobos would soon complete his dream of becoming a great lord with the purchase of the jiennese villas of Sabiote, Canena, Torres and Velliza (Valladolid); his wife, Maria de Mendoza, rounded this great state with the acquisition of Jimena, whose purchase process was already initiated by her husband.
In all these enclaves, more in his hometown and in that of his wife (Ubeda and Valladolid, respectively), Francisco de los Cobos planned great building programs of marked artistic and propaganda significance. This double intention is perfectly reflected in the project of the church of Santa Maria, which was in all probability carried out by his trusted man, the deán Ortega, who in turn would entrust the works and direction in Andrés de Vandelvira, the master of the house's quarry, especially from the works in El Salvador de Ubeda.
The new church would rise on the way of the River Cerezuelo, but for this it was necessary to abovednot only the space dedicated to the church, but also the rest of the same located in front of it. Thus the temple closes and presides over the square, which also had the City Hall building (now hidden) and a beautiful pilar-abrevadero, which Chueca Goitia attributes to the hand of Andrés de Vandelvira, although the date 1606 carved in its large central billboard indicates otherwise. We must not forget that the advance to Toledo was returned the traces of Cobos and his descendants, the Marquis of Camarasa, had to be erased in all those goods where they were present.
This temple, located in a unique natural setting, suffered a catastrophic raid at the end of the 17th century, taking with it almost all its movable property. The fire by the Napoleonic troops in the War of Independence left the factory ruined, remaining standing the header, part of the perimeter walls, one of the two foot towers, with various remains, and a cover on the side of the Epistle. The destruction and the limited documentation found so far about its constructive process makes it difficult to set the stages and the teachers responsible for its factory. In any case, the difference in style between the header and the rest seems clear. Andrés de Vandelvira is present in the head and chapel of San Isicio, leaving out of his language the part of the feet and the side cover, which, according to José María Crespo, was able to run to a large extent by Alonso Barba.
The canyon vault of the presbyterium, the serlian vanity of the tester, the angular pillars that would form the cruise, with half Corinthian columns and fantastic heads, and the snail staircase topped into a cylindrical body are certainly elements used by Vandelvira around the 1540's. The vault of the chapel of San Isicio, for its part, is closely related to the one located under the tower-bell tower of El Salvador de Ubeda. The plant, made up of a ship and cruise to cover (at least in the initial project) with boned vaults, would approach the type of La Guardia, a conventual church in which Vandelvira also left the best of its art in the major chapel and cruise.
The ruins of Santa María, currently in the process of restoration in accordance with the project of the architect Mr Pedro Salmerón, still show today the proud architecture with which it was conceived by one of the most influential men of the 16th century in Spain, Don Francisco de los Cobos, who was also lucky to have at his service Andrés de Vandelvira, one of the most outstanding singers of the Spanish Renaissance.
Monument of the Historical-Artistic Set. Declared 13 / 07 / 1972. The advance of Cazorla remained under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Toledo from the 13th to the 16th century. The large territory provided important benefits and the position of Advantado gave prestige to the one who held them. Both reasons must have weighed enough for Don Francisco de los Cobos, the prepowerful secretary of the Emperor Charles V, to come up with all the means at his disposal to obtain the rule and charge of such wide-ranging dominion for himself and his descendants.
The Castlejo de Cárchel is of Muslim origin and in the surrounding areas there have been many fragments of Spanish-Muslim ceramic glazed and unglazed, and among all the archaeological remains found in the area, stands the head of a clay figure, found in 1997 by the child José M. Ruiz. It is possibly a survival of Iberian exvotes in Muslim times.
With an external appearance similar to that of other rural cortijos, it now retains remains of what was an ancient hermitage, called the hermitage of San Ildefonso.
As in most rural areas of Jaén, these ancient cortijos of the 18th and 19th centuries are owned by large families and have over the years served as a residence for farm workers and olive collectors.
It is a one-eye bridge made up of a half-point arch, quite robust and with pillars and paraments that make a curve to the Cañamares River. The shillery is well worked and is quite regular in size.
It has traditionally been given as a certain chronology for this construction the first centuries of the Christian era coinciding with the Roman presence on our lands, and the proximity of the Almansas, where there was an important settlement at the time.
In Puente de Génave we find the Old Bridge or Roman Bridge, on the river Guadalimar, of stone, reduced arch and one eye, in which the masonry is alternated with the silery. They highlight the environment and configuration of the village, being a forming element of the settlement of the village around the river and an essential step to know the riverside and its implementation in the territory.
It is one of the most important historical and artistic milestones of Marmolejo, along with the Parish Church of Our Lady of Peace and the spa of medicinal waters that spring up next to the same channel of the Guadalquivir River. Precisely bridge and spa linked their existence since the discovery of the therapeutic utility of the waters of these springs at the end of the 18th century (whose first news appears in theTreaty on the main medicinal sources of AndalusiaJohn of God Help, 1794) and the first facilities began to be built. But before thousands of swimmers turned this quiet place into bustling, there was already an architectural element in the environment: the San Bartolomé Bridge, possibly called for opening the day of the onomastics of this Holy, on August 24.